Infantail Kawasaki with Coronary Arteries Aneurysm-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY & CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY

Introduction

Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that predominantly affects the coronary arteries [1-3]. The etiology of Kawasaki disease remains unknown [4], although an infectious agent is strongly suspected based on clinical and epidemiologic features [5,6]. Most children who are treated recover from the disease without long-term problems [1,5]. Other need close follow up and special treatment by Aspirin, IVIG and sometimes Steroids [7-9]. The disease is most common in children ages 1 to 2 years [2,4] and is less common in children older than age 8 or in infants [10]. We are presenting 4 months old girl with Kawasaki disease complicated with coronary arteries ectasia and aneurysm which is unusual in this age.

Case Report

4 months old girl presented to emergency department with fever not responding to oral Antipyretic for 14 days, with red eyes and red lips and mild trunk rash from 4days before the admission mild lethargy, and irritability [11].

On examination

Irritable child Scattered on face and red eyes, peeling of fingers and toes. No peripheral edema, red lips.

Other systemic examination was normal.

CRP was high 70, WBC=17200, Hgb=7.2g/dl, Htc=26%, PLT=715000, Albumin=4.3mg/dl, virology: RSV and influenza negative.

ECG: Normal sius rhythm, No ischmic changes (Figure 1)

Echo cardiograph showed Dilated both coronary arteries with ectasia along the course of both coronary LCA 3.3-3.6mm, LAD 3 mm. aneurismal formation measuring 4.19mm at the origin of RCA (Figure 2).

Patient was received high dose I.V.I.G (2gm/Kg) over 24h associated with anti-inflammatory dose of Aspirin 75mg/Kg/day. After 24 hours, she showed some clinical improvement, low grade fever, no irritability and better appetite so that we continue her on same treatment plan under close observation. After 1 week she improved dramatically with no complain and stable vital signs [12].

LAB: CRP=9.9. Echocardiography showed same finding and measures (dilated booth coronary arteries with ectasia along the course of both coronary LCA 3.3-3.6mm, LAD 3mm. Aneurysmal formation measuring 4mm at the origin of RCA.

Patient was discharged home in very good condition and stable vital signs on anti platelate Aspirin dose (3-5mg/Kg/day) and given appointment in our clinic for follow up [13].

After 1 month

She was in very good condition, No complain, happy and active child.

LAB: CRP<5. Echocardiography showed: Same finding and measures ectasia along the course of both coronary with aneurysmal formation. She was kept on Aspirin low dose and under follow up as outpatient in our clinic.

After 3 months

Also remain stable, no complain, gaining weight and feeding well. Normal physical examination.

Her echo findings showed: Both coronary arteries looks smaller than before with ectasia along the course of both coronary LCA 2.2mm, LAD 2.6mm [14]. Small aneurismal formation measuring 2.9mm at the origin of RCA distal RCA is normal 2mm (Figure 3).

After 6 months the Echo showed mild ectasia along the course of both coronaries, LCA at the origin 2.9mm and LAD 2.2mm. Small aneurysmal formation measuring 2.8mm at the origin of RCA (Figure 4).

Discussion

In spite of Kawasaki is uncommon autoimmune disease with self limited course history [15], however its complication are still serious and should be considered and evaluated carefully to prevent a serious and life threatening events [9].

The causes of Kawasaki disease remain unknown [3], but A genetic predisposition is also likely, based on varying incidences among ethnic groups, with higher rates in Asians [12]. Symptoms include fever, conjunctival injection, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Some children with Kawasaki disease develop coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia, ischemic heart disease, and sudden death. Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in developed countries [5,7].

Our case was a rare Kawasaki case because the age <1 year, and that was one of the risk factors for predicting aneurysms in addition to:

A. White blood cell count >12000/mm

B. CRP>3+

C. Hematocrit <35%

D. Albumin <3.5g/dL

E. Age ≤12 months; and the others risk factors (male sex; platelet count <350000/mm3) not in this case.

Although all these risk factors the case treated and responded well to IVIG 2gm/kg, and high dose of Aspirin 75mg/kg/day then continued in the anticoagulant dose 5mg/kg/day. Some refractory cases of Kawasaki disease require special and unusual treatment like repeated doses of IVIG, steroid, Plasma electrophoresis, anti TNF (anflaximab).

Kawasaki is a clinical diagnosis according to clinical manifestations supported by some positive laboratory test, but there is no specific laboratory test to confirm Kawasaki disease. Echocardiography by expert hands focusing on coronary arteries is essential to confirm the diagnosis and detect the cardiac findings early and also in follow up plan for any patient with Kawasaki or suspected Kawasaki disease.

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