Patient-Prosthesis Mismatch: State of the Art and Implications for Long Term Results-Juniper Publishers
JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY & CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY
Mini Review
Patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) was reported for
the first time by Rahimtoola [1] in 1978 and it occurs when the
effective orifice area (EOA) indexed for the body surface area (BSA) is
less than that of a normal human valve. Several studies using the
indexed EOA have shown the negative impact of PPM on clinical outcomes:
in fact, it seems to be related with less improvement in symptoms, i.e.
functional class, lesser regression of left ventricular mass and with an
higher rate of early mortality in particular when left ventricular low
ejection fraction is associated and adverse events during long-term
follow-up [2-3]. Although some studies [4] suggest that an increased
mortality can occur only in presence of a critical level of obstruction,
i.e. PPM <0.4cm2/m2, numerous recent studies showed a negative
outcome also in presence of a less degree of PPM.
The impact of PPM on in hospital mortality after
aortic valve replacement may be particularly important: the left
ventricle is more vulnerable to increased stress and may be more
sensitive to increase after load associated with PPM in the
postoperative course. Pibarot et al. [2] following 392 patients during a
7-year follow-up after AVR, found that cardiac index decreased
significantly after 3 years from operation only in patients with PPM
(p<0.05), and that the greatest deterioration was seen in presence of
a severe PPM, i.e. indexed EOA <0.65cm2/m2. Moreover, PPM was
associated with less postoperative improvement of NYHA functional class
(p<0.009). Rao et al. [5] in 2,154 patients undergone AVR found a
30-day mortality significantly higher in patients with evidence of PPM
in comparison with patients without PPM (7.9% vs. 4.6%, p<0.05).
Milano et al. [6] in 229 patients subjected to aortic
valve replacement with 19mm and 21mm St. Jude Medical standard
prostheses reported a 10-year better freedom from cardiac events in
patients with not significant PPM (indexed EOA >0.90cm2/m2) in
comparison with those affected by moderate PPM (indexed EOA
0.60-0.90cm2/m2) and severe PPM (indexed EOA <0.60cm2/m2)
(p<0.05). All results suggest that PPMmay have a detrimental impact
on the normalization of the left ventricular mass and function during
follow-up after AVR. As suggested by these studies, it is possible that
PPM can have a negative impact on long-term survival for the fact that
bioprosthetic valves progressively deteriorate due to leaflets’
calcification. This deterioration becomes more frequent 8-10 years after
their implant. Patients operated on with a moderate or severe PPM
already present a degree of the obstruction of the left ventricular
outflow. Any further decrease in EOA during follow-up could lead to a
more severe obstruction, with a negative clinical impact or need of
re-operation. In contrast, patients without PPM have a substantial valve
EOA “reserve” that could permit to better tolerate a progressive
reduction of the EOA that may occur as a consequence of leaflets’
calcification in case of bioprosthetic valves, or pannus overgrowth in
case of mechanical prostheses.
On the other hand, a strict relation between PPM and
long term mortality was not found in other papers. Ruel et al. [7] in
1,563 patients who underwent AVR and followed up to 15 years, did not
find PPM, defined as indexed EOA <0.80cm2/m2, significantly
associated with all-cause mortality (HR:1.4, p=0.15), but, on the
contrary, PPM was a significant predictor of congestive heart failure
events (HR:1.6, p=0.04). Hanayama et al. [8] in their paper published in
2002, in 1,037 patients who underwent AVR with mechanical or biological
prostheses found no significant relationship between severe PPM and
regression of left ventricular hypertrophy or a negative impact on
mid-term survival. However, follow-up data were limited at 7 years, a
great number of patients during follow-up remained with a higher
abnormal left ventricular mass index, freedom from III-IV NYHA class at 6
years was less than 80%.
Although, relationship between PPM and structural
valve deterioration has been weel investigated. Flameng et al. [9] in a
recently published study on 648 patients (mean age 74+5 years) who
underwent AVR with biological valves analyzed the occurrence of
structural valve degeneration (SVD) at 10 years of follow-up.
SVD was diagnosed in 12.6% of patients. PPM and the
absence of antimineralization treatment of the biological valve
was found as independent predictors of SVD. In detail, patients
receiving a non-treated valve show a freedom of SVD at 10
years follow-up of 70+4.3% vs 90.9±3.6% in those receiving a
treated valve (p<0.0001). Patients having PPM and receiving
a non-treated valve showed a freedom of SVD at 10 years of
only 59.8+7.0% vs 88.7+3.6% in patients also having PPM but
receiving a treated valve (p<0.0001). In patients not having PPM,
the corresponding values were 78.0+4.3% and 92.7+3.4% for
non-treated vs treated valves, respectively (p=0.01).
In a recent multi-center study performed by Bavaria et
al. [10] the Trifecta valve results as an unique pericardial
bioprosthesis that provides excellent hemodynamic performance
while providing ease of implantation. In this study Trifecta
bioprosthesis was implanted in 1,014 patients (mean age of
72.5 years). Early (≤30 day) mortality occurred in 18 patients
(1.8%), and there were 23 late (≥31 days) deaths. There were
no early valve thrombosis, endocarditis, or clinically significant
hemolysis, and 5 late valve explants, only one due to SVD. At the
time of discharge, average mean gradients ranged from 9.3 to
4.1mmHg and EOA ranged from 1.58 to 2.50cm2 for valve sizes
19 to 29mm.
In an elegant study on the fluid-dynamic results obtained
comparing four pericardial aortic bioprostheses (Magna
Ease, Mitroflow, Trifecta, and Soprano-Armonia) implanted
in small porcine aortic roots, Tasca et al. [11] reported after
Trifecta implantation, in comparison with the other implanted
bioprostheses, better EOA (2.3+0.3 vs 1.57+0.2 [Magna
Ease], 1.77+0.2 [Mitroflow], 1.75+0.2cm2 [Soprano-Armonia],
p<0.001), lower mean gradients (6.1+2 vs 13.2+3, 10.2+3,
9.6+2mmHg, p<0.001), and lower valve resistance (33+10 vs
69+16, 55+13, 51+11dyn*s/cm5, p<0.001), showing that the
bioprostheses with the pericardium outside the stent (i.e., the
Trifecta valve) are more efficient, thus preventing PPM and
structural valve deterioration.
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